BOSTON (AP) — The daily fantasy sports industry has sharply contracted since the online games offered by companies such as FanDuel and DraftKings sparked court and legislative battles across the United States last year.
More than two-thirds of companies that existed this time last year have shuttered, changed focus or joined with competitors, according to the Fantasy Sports Trade Association, the industry's lobbying arm.
Among the most prominent examples is the proposed merger between the industry's two largest companies — Boston's DraftKings and New York's FanDuel. That deal, which was announced late, last year, is currently being reviewed by the Federal Trade Commission.
At least three notable companies — Fantasy Aces, FantasyHub and FantasyUp — shuttered while still owing players money, prompting other operators to assume their assets and pledge to make customers whole.
Many smaller operators have also quietly folded. At peak last year, 118 member companies offered some form of paid fantasy sports contest, the trade association said. Of those, 81 are no longer offering contests or their status is unknown.
The legal chaos and uncertainty that befell the industry starting with the 2015 NFL season has driven away investors, making it impossible for many startups to continue to raise the financial capital to survive, said Peter Schoenke, the trade association chairman.
The uncertainty also shook out companies not offering much new or distinctive from the competition, added Daniel Barbarisi, author of "Dueling With Kings," an inside look at the industry's rise and fall released last month.
"Everyone thought (daily fantasy sports) was the next gold rush," he said. "It couldn't sustain that level of speculative growth, especially from small operators. Now that the barrier to entry is higher, I'm not surprised at all to see many of them falling by the wayside."
The legal landscape, meanwhile, remains unsettled, and the industry is again engaged in a costly, state-by-state legislative push. Roughly half of all U.S. states have seen proposals introduced to legalize and regulate the industry.
Arkansas has so far passed new legislation, joining 10 other states from prior years: Colorado,Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, New York, Tennessee and Virginia.
Lawmakers in other states will become receptive to the proposals as they see how the regulations are working in other states, said Marc La Vorgna, a spokesman for DraftKings and FanDuel.
"The evidence is there for legislators," he said. "Any uncertainty around the impact of these laws has been removed."
Indeed New York, one of a handful of states that impose a tax on daily fantasy sports, says it took in nearly $3 million in revenues in the first months of its new law.
DraftKings and FanDuel are again "investing heavily" in state legislative efforts, La Vorgna said, declining to provide specific tallies for lobbying costs and political donations this year. The trade association is spending "very little" on direct lobbying this year, said Schoenke, also declining to provide specifics.
During last year's legislative push, DraftKings, FanDuel and the trade association spent at least $500,000 on lobbyists and its employees donated roughly $380,000 to political campaign committees at the state government level, according to the most recent data collected by the National Institute on Money in State Politics in Helena, Montana.
That was a big jump from 2015, when the industry wasn't quite in the crosshairs of regulators. The three entities accounted for at least $275,000 in lobbying and donations that year, up from at least $18,000 in 2014, the institute's data shows.
Some of the laws being considered this year may hasten the industry's consolidation, said Ted Kasten, who has advised several daily fantasy sports startups.
Some states are considering imposing costly licensing fees and other regulatory hurdles that smaller operations complain could put them out of business.
Ryan Huss, co-founder of Syde Fantasy Sports, said he and his partners ended their fantasy sports contests and shifted the company's focus after their home state of Virginia started requiring a $50,000 registration fee.
"The fees seem like more of a deterrent than anything else," he said. "Only the largest operators can truly afford to pay them." Despite the consolidation, demand for the games still appears healthy.
From 2015 to 2016, the total amount of entry fees paid by players grew 4 percent to about $3.3 billion and net revenues for companies rose about 15 percent to $350 million, according to the California-based gambling research firm Eilers & Krejcik Gaming.
New startups are still emerging, just nowhere near the levels to replace the ones closing down, Schoenke said.
Some new companies say they're in a better position to succeed than their predecessors.
Teague Orgeman, co-founder of Starting 11, a Minneapolis-based daily fantasy soccer site hoping to launch soon, says his company's contest will be more innovative than what's already out there. And, as a practicing attorney, he's prepared to navigate the ever-changing regulatory landscape.
"We see opportunity, not the flip," Orgeman said. "We think regulation is a good thing long-term for industry. It really wasn't a deterrent."
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